Science Heritage Journal | Galeri Warisan Sains (GWS)

This investigation was applied to isolate and identify bacteria in three different restaurants order to predict their effects on people. Power plate method for isolation of bacteria the samples were inoculated into nutrient agar media by streak plate technique to obtain well isolated colonies. The results show the identity and the total colony forming units (CFU) for bacteria. The most frequently isolated bacteria were the bacterial species: Bacillus cereus, Clostridium botulinum, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenteriae, Staphylococcus aureus and Lactobacillus subtilus (11.12, 8.24, 20.11,17.32, 17.01, 10.31 and 8.27) % respectively. According to the bacteria the higher numbers of bacteria were isolated on menu and containers.

Algae are a diverse group of unicellular autotropic microorganisms. It is a free-floating and filament-shaped organism, in which the blade is the main site for photosynthesis. Hence, called a photosynthetic organism. Different types of algae are found in different types of climatic conditions. Algae are found in almost all adverse climates. Due to its vast chemical composition and content of bioactive substances attention of different industries like food, cosmetic pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, etc. are caught by it. Algae food products contain a high amount of nutrients, and cosmetic products protect from UV radiation and prevention of rough texture wrinkles of the skin, as they carry out both photosynthesis as well as nitrogen fixation, add organic matter (20 -30kg/ha/year)and maintain texture porosity, the structure of soil and can play an important role for reducing the problem of petrol, diesel. This review has been prepared to shed light on the wide uses of algae as food, fuel, cosmetic product biofertilizer and also to provide knowledge about different types of algae found in different geographical zones of Nepal.

Five phylogenetic lineages were observed by present author in the eleven Tethyan Maastrichtian planktic foraminiferal species of the genus Plummerita. These lineages help to define the major faunal changes from the species throughout of three groups of the Plummerita. The first group (P. haggagae group) belongs to the four-chambered volition (4-ch) with axially pointed spine-like prolongation evolved to another species of five-chambered volition (5-ch) (P. hantkeninoides group), to another species of six-chambered volition (6-ch) (P. reicheli group). The five lineages are: (1) The Plummerita elkefensis (4-ch) to P. hantkeninoides (5-ch), (2) P. haggagae (4-ch) to P. costata (5-ch) to P. spainica (6-ch), (3) P. inflata (5-ch) to P. tunisica (6-ch) (4) P. kellerae (5-ch) to P. caribbeanica (6-ch), (5) P. premolisilvae (5-ch) to P. reicheli (6-ch). Unfortunately, most of these lineage are uncompleted from four to five to six-chamber volution, while only one of them is completed (no. 2). In spite of this uncompleted lineages situation, it seems that we must await further study to complete these lineages by another unknown taxa.

In order to forecast the effects of the fungi on humans, this study was conducted to isolate and identify the fungi in three distinct samples in the college of science cafeteria. In order to obtain well-isolated colonies, the power plate method with Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) was used to isolate and identify various fungal species. The results show the identity and the total colony forming units (CFU) for fungi. The most frequently isolated fungi were Cladosporium, Rhizopus sp., Aspergillus Sp, Alternaria, Yeast, Penicillium, . While the less frequently detected fungi species were Trichocladium, Drecheslera sp.and Botrytis sp. According to the fungi the higher numbers of fungi were isolated on menu and containers.

The research was carried on “Incidence of the seed borne infection and management of Alternaria species in wheat cultivars” at Laboratory of Bright Mid-West Agriculture and Forestry Campus, Birendranagar, Surkhet, Nepal from December 2019 to March 2020. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomize Design (CRD). In the present investigation, seed samples of seven different varieties of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds viz. Gautam, Virkuti, Aaaditya, Wk1204, NL1172, NL1177 and NL297 were collected from National Wheat Research Program (NWRP) Bhairahawa, Rupandehi, Nepal and Nepal Agriculture Research Council (NARC), Botany division, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal. Seed samples were categorized by different varieties and treatment in different day’s interval. Seed treatment with, Dhanuka M-45, Acmes tin, Trichoderma viridae and control (without treatment) was done to see their effect on seed borne infection of Alternaria in wheat. The recorded parameters among the sampled plants were germination percentage, disease incidence percentage and incidence of Alternaria on the seeds. The variety ‘Aditya’ germinated maximum (97.00%) and variety NL-297 germinated minimum (0.25%) without treatments. However, Variety ‘Virkuti’ germinated maximum (95.5%) after treatment. Whereas, Variety NL-297 showed no seed-borne infection (0.00%) and variety ‘NL-1177’ showed the maximum disease severity (12.75% at 5DAI, 24.75% at 7DAI and 32.25% at 9DAI respectively) without treatment. Similarly, in treated seeds variety NL-1177 showed the maximum disease incidence percentage (6.75%) at 5DAI, variety Gautam (9.37%) at 7DAI and variety NL-1177 (9.87%) at 9DAI. whereas variety Gautam showed the minimum disease incidence (3.50%) after 9DAI, Variety ‘Virkuti’ (6.62%) at 7DAI and Variety ‘Gautam’ (8.0%) at 9DAI respectively. With the treatment variety Gautam could reduce the disease incidence by 60% at 5DAT, 50.02% at 7DAT and 68.93% at 9DAT.Similarly, variety Virkuti reduce in disease incidence by 13.53% at 5DAT, 15.12% at 7DAT and 10.41% at 9DAT. The Variety NL-1177 reduced disease incidence by 47.05% at 5DAT, 70.22% at 7DAT and 69.39% at 9DAT respectively. The results also showed that the control measure of Trichoderma viridae found significant performance (99.84%) in controlling seed borne pathogens and increasing germination of wheat seeds and the Variety Aditya was found as best in germination (97%) with lower seed borne Alternaria and the variety NL-297 was found non-disease severity (0.00%).

Transportation is not only a significant force in promoting economic and social development but also one of the primary industries that consume energy and emit greenhouse gas emissions. In order to achieve China’s overall goal of reaching the carbon peak by 2030, this paper selects six influencing factors, such as population, GDP and urbanization rate, and proposes a combined prediction model based on ARIMA-LSTM-BP, which predicts transportation carbon emissions in China from 2022 to 2050 under three scenarios of low carbon, benchmark and high carbon. The results show that the peak emissions of transportation in low-carbon, benchmark and high-carbon scenarios are 1624.7732 million tons, 1478.1694 million tons and 1367.5417 million tons, respectively, reaching the peak in 2031, 2034 and 2039. It can be seen that in China, the transportation industry alone cannot achieve the goal of reaching the peak by 2030, and more measures need to be taken to achieve the carbon peak of the transportation industry as soon as possible.

Agriculture and agricultural practices should be the wisest pursuits as they contribute to the well-being of Mother Earth. Organic farming is a system of farming that is guided by principles designed to promote environmental conservation, biodiversity, soil health, and the overall well-being of the ecosystem. This comprehensive review delves into the efficacy of organic farming as a dependable strategy for achieving sustainable agriculture in Nepal. Against the backdrop of Nepal’s diverse agroecological zones and traditional farming practices, the study meticulously examines the multifaceted advantages, challenges, and implications of adopting organic farming within this unique context. Organic farming, characterized by the exclusion of synthetic chemicals and the emphasis on ecological balance, stands out as a promising approach to address the pressing issues faced by Nepalese agriculture. The review underscores the enhanced soil fertility associated with organic practices, attributing it to the utilization of natural fertilizers such as compost and manure. This sustainable farming method not only fosters soil health but also safeguards vital resources like water and promotes biodiversity by refraining from synthetic pesticides and fertilizers. With the dawn of the 21st century and the exponential rise in the population, food security has become an alarming issue. To access food demand of the growing population the use of chemical fertilizers has been rampant contributing to sustainability issues. As a result, it becomes increasingly important to address how to achieve food security while simultaneously addressing the imbalance in the ecosystem. In this review paper, we have discussed some of the amendments used for the promotion of organic farming such as Jholmol (1,2,3), Biochar, Panchagavya, Jeevamrut, Bijamrita, Vermin-compost, Vermiwash.

Structural characterization of proteins is fundamental for understanding their functions and interactions within cellular environments. Protein footprinting has emerged as a powerful and versatile technique in structural biology, providing valuable insights into protein structure, dynamics, and conformational changes. This study comprehensively explores the principles, methodologies, and applications of protein footprinting as an indispensable tool in structural biology. Protein footprinting encompasses a range of innovative techniques, including hydroxyl radical footprinting, mass spectrometry-based footprinting, and chemical footprinting, each offering unique advantages for probing different aspects of protein structure. The study elucidates the underlying principles of these methods, discussing the mechanisms by which protein-footprinting agents interact with amino acid residues and elucidate structural details. The application of protein footprinting in studying protein-protein interactions, ligand binding, and conformational changes is highlighted through a detailed examination of key studies and experimental approaches. The review emphasizes the versatility of protein footprinting in investigating diverse protein systems, from small globular proteins to large multi-subunit complexes. Furthermore, the integration of protein footprinting with other structural biology techniques, such as X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, and cryo-electron microscopy, is explored to showcase the complementary nature of these approaches in achieving a comprehensive understanding of protein structure and function. The study addresses recent advancements and technological innovations in protein footprinting methodologies, including advancements in mass spectrometry instrumentation and data analysis strategies. Additionally, it discusses challenges associated with the technique, such as data interpretation and accessibility, and proposes future directions for overcoming these hurdles. Protein footprinting stands as a valuable tool in the structural biologist’s arsenal, providing unique perspectives on protein structure and dynamics. As the field continues to evolve, with ongoing refinements in methodologies and expanded applications, protein footprinting is poised to play a pivotal role in unraveling the complexities of biological macromolecules. This study serves as a comprehensive resource for researchers and practitioners seeking an in-depth understanding of protein footprinting and its contributions to advancing structural biology.

Oenanthe javanica or water dropwort, is a medicinal plant that exhibits a great potential for antioxidant activity and is capable of scavenging free radical ions associated with various diseases. Although O. javanica extracts have shown antioxidant properties, there is a gap in research concerning the selection of suitable solvents for extracting antioxidant compounds from this plant. Therefore, this review aims to identify the most effective solvent for the preparation of antioxidant-rich O. javanica extracts. Based on the data obtained from online articles and journals through several academic databases, our findings indicate that various solvents give notable outcomes on the O. javanica extracts in terms of extract yield, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Ethanol, methanol and water are among the frequently solvents utilised for O. javanica extraction. Hot water extract exhibited the highest extraction yield from O. javanica. Meanwhile, 50% methanol extract demonstrate the highest TPC with 621 ± 63 mg GAE/100 g using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. On the other hand, methanol extracts of O. javanica produced the highest antioxidant potential with 97.09% of DPPH scavenging activity with the IC50 of 30μg/ml. It can be noted that phenolic compounds including phenolic acids and flavonoids as well as carotenoids are among the compounds that contributed to the antioxidant activity of O. javanica extracts This review hopes to serve as a valuable resource for researchers engaged in solvent-based extraction and phenolic content analysis from Oenanthe javanica, as well as offering insights that can guide future investigations in optimizing the extraction of valuable antioxidant compounds from this plant.

During the last four decades ago, fifty-seven (54 agglutinated and 3 porcelaneous) benthic foraminiferal species and related to 23 genera have been erected by the present author, which start at 1984, which are recoded from many countries around the Arabia (Egypt, Palestine, Jordan, Iraq, UAE, Iran and Pakistan), and also Saudi Arabia, Yemen, UAE and Qatar. Some of these species were also recorded from many countries in the Northern Tethys (Atlantic Ocean, USA, Spain, France and Poland), and western Pacific Ocean. These species help, not only to define the major faunal changes throughout the Campanian-Neogene time, but also to emphasis the stratigraphic importance of them in different localities in the Tethys. Most of the identified species were erected: 12 species (from Egypt), 11 (UAE), 8 (Iraq), 4 (Iran), 3 (Pakistan and France), 2 (Palestine, Pakistan, Spain and Poland), while one species only from the other countries. The Tethys assemblage indicates an open marine environment, which represents middle-outer neritic environment and shows an affinity with Midway-Type Fauna (MTF).