Science Heritage Journal | Galeri Warisan Sains (GWS)

Bridelia ferruguinea bark is investigated for its phytochemical composition and bioactivity to explore its therapeutic potential. The phytochemical analysis reveals significant quantities of alkaloids (62.95 mg/g), saponins (64.31 mg/g), flavonoids (100.19 mg/g), tannins (78.08 mg/g), and phenols (253.62 mg/g). The nitrogen-free extract dominates at 53.23%, followed by crude fiber at 24.44%. Additionally, the moisture, crude protein, crude fat, and ash content in Bridelia ferruguinea bark powder are reported at 7.63%, 2.15%, 8.72%, and 3.83%, respectively. Assessment of bioactivity indicates a lipid inhibition percentage of 23.88% and a vitamin C content of 55.97%. Moreover, the bark exhibits Fe chelation (13.44%) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (83.54%). Furthermore, it demonstrates inhibition of albumin denaturation (62.71%) and antiproteinase activity (69.534%). Importantly, it shows promising α-amylase inhibition (37.60%) and α-glucosidase inhibition (58.07%). These diverse bioactivities suggest potential applications in pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals, warranting further studies for formulation development targeting both human and animal health. Bridelia ferruguinea bark emerges as a valuable natural resource with multifaceted therapeutic prospects, inviting extensive exploration for practical utilization.

Weather derivatives pricing is one of the central issues in the study of this type of financial product, and there is no uniform methodology. To price the temperature option with Shanghai temperature as the underlying and explore how to improve the accuracy of option pricing, firstly, the time-varying O-U model is combined with Monte Carlo simulation to obtain the Shanghai-based temperature option pricing, and then Shanghai and its neighboring Dongtai, Quxian, and Dinghai are selected to constitute an option portfolio and priced using the same method. The results are obtained: 1) the predicted price of each unit of Shanghai temperature option is 1732.33 yuan, and the actual price is 1557.84 yuan, with a relative error of 9.1%; 2) the predicted price of each unit of option portfolio is 1598.12 yuan, and the actual price is 1500.72 yuan, with a relative error of 6.5%; and 3) the same pricing steps are repeated several times, with a very robust relative error. It can be seen that the pricing method has stability and higher prediction accuracy and can be used in practice. At the same time, pricing after selecting multiple cities to form a weather derivative portfolio has higher accuracy i.e. less risk than pricing only for a single city.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles are versatile materials with broad applications due to their unique properties. This review examines the synthesis methods of ZnO nanoparticles, including sol-gel, microwave-assisted, and green synthesis. The sol-gel method allows precise control over particle size and morphology, while microwave-assisted synthesis offers rapid, uniform particle formation. Green synthesis uses plant extracts for eco-friendly production. Characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) reveal the structural and morphological properties of the synthesized nanoparticles. Applications of ZnO nanoparticles in antifouling coatings, biomedical fields (antibacterial and anticancer), and energy systems are discussed. The review evaluates each synthesis method’s efficiency, scalability, and environmental impact, highlighting their potential for sustainable applications.

This investigation was applied to isolate and identify bacteria in three different restaurants order to predict their effects on people. Power plate method for isolation of bacteria the samples were inoculated into nutrient agar media by streak plate technique to obtain well isolated colonies. The results show the identity and the total colony forming units (CFU) for bacteria. The most frequently isolated bacteria were the bacterial species: Bacillus cereus, Clostridium botulinum, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenteriae, Staphylococcus aureus and Lactobacillus subtilus (11.12, 8.24, 20.11,17.32, 17.01, 10.31 and 8.27) % respectively. According to the bacteria the higher numbers of bacteria were isolated on menu and containers.

Algae are a diverse group of unicellular autotropic microorganisms. It is a free-floating and filament-shaped organism, in which the blade is the main site for photosynthesis. Hence, called a photosynthetic organism. Different types of algae are found in different types of climatic conditions. Algae are found in almost all adverse climates. Due to its vast chemical composition and content of bioactive substances attention of different industries like food, cosmetic pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, etc. are caught by it. Algae food products contain a high amount of nutrients, and cosmetic products protect from UV radiation and prevention of rough texture wrinkles of the skin, as they carry out both photosynthesis as well as nitrogen fixation, add organic matter (20 -30kg/ha/year)and maintain texture porosity, the structure of soil and can play an important role for reducing the problem of petrol, diesel. This review has been prepared to shed light on the wide uses of algae as food, fuel, cosmetic product biofertilizer and also to provide knowledge about different types of algae found in different geographical zones of Nepal.

Five phylogenetic lineages were observed by present author in the eleven Tethyan Maastrichtian planktic foraminiferal species of the genus Plummerita. These lineages help to define the major faunal changes from the species throughout of three groups of the Plummerita. The first group (P. haggagae group) belongs to the four-chambered volition (4-ch) with axially pointed spine-like prolongation evolved to another species of five-chambered volition (5-ch) (P. hantkeninoides group), to another species of six-chambered volition (6-ch) (P. reicheli group). The five lineages are: (1) The Plummerita elkefensis (4-ch) to P. hantkeninoides (5-ch), (2) P. haggagae (4-ch) to P. costata (5-ch) to P. spainica (6-ch), (3) P. inflata (5-ch) to P. tunisica (6-ch) (4) P. kellerae (5-ch) to P. caribbeanica (6-ch), (5) P. premolisilvae (5-ch) to P. reicheli (6-ch). Unfortunately, most of these lineage are uncompleted from four to five to six-chamber volution, while only one of them is completed (no. 2). In spite of this uncompleted lineages situation, it seems that we must await further study to complete these lineages by another unknown taxa.

In order to forecast the effects of the fungi on humans, this study was conducted to isolate and identify the fungi in three distinct samples in the college of science cafeteria. In order to obtain well-isolated colonies, the power plate method with Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) was used to isolate and identify various fungal species. The results show the identity and the total colony forming units (CFU) for fungi. The most frequently isolated fungi were Cladosporium, Rhizopus sp., Aspergillus Sp, Alternaria, Yeast, Penicillium, . While the less frequently detected fungi species were Trichocladium, Drecheslera sp.and Botrytis sp. According to the fungi the higher numbers of fungi were isolated on menu and containers.

The research was carried on “Incidence of the seed borne infection and management of Alternaria species in wheat cultivars” at Laboratory of Bright Mid-West Agriculture and Forestry Campus, Birendranagar, Surkhet, Nepal from December 2019 to March 2020. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomize Design (CRD). In the present investigation, seed samples of seven different varieties of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds viz. Gautam, Virkuti, Aaaditya, Wk1204, NL1172, NL1177 and NL297 were collected from National Wheat Research Program (NWRP) Bhairahawa, Rupandehi, Nepal and Nepal Agriculture Research Council (NARC), Botany division, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal. Seed samples were categorized by different varieties and treatment in different day’s interval. Seed treatment with, Dhanuka M-45, Acmes tin, Trichoderma viridae and control (without treatment) was done to see their effect on seed borne infection of Alternaria in wheat. The recorded parameters among the sampled plants were germination percentage, disease incidence percentage and incidence of Alternaria on the seeds. The variety ‘Aditya’ germinated maximum (97.00%) and variety NL-297 germinated minimum (0.25%) without treatments. However, Variety ‘Virkuti’ germinated maximum (95.5%) after treatment. Whereas, Variety NL-297 showed no seed-borne infection (0.00%) and variety ‘NL-1177’ showed the maximum disease severity (12.75% at 5DAI, 24.75% at 7DAI and 32.25% at 9DAI respectively) without treatment. Similarly, in treated seeds variety NL-1177 showed the maximum disease incidence percentage (6.75%) at 5DAI, variety Gautam (9.37%) at 7DAI and variety NL-1177 (9.87%) at 9DAI. whereas variety Gautam showed the minimum disease incidence (3.50%) after 9DAI, Variety ‘Virkuti’ (6.62%) at 7DAI and Variety ‘Gautam’ (8.0%) at 9DAI respectively. With the treatment variety Gautam could reduce the disease incidence by 60% at 5DAT, 50.02% at 7DAT and 68.93% at 9DAT.Similarly, variety Virkuti reduce in disease incidence by 13.53% at 5DAT, 15.12% at 7DAT and 10.41% at 9DAT. The Variety NL-1177 reduced disease incidence by 47.05% at 5DAT, 70.22% at 7DAT and 69.39% at 9DAT respectively. The results also showed that the control measure of Trichoderma viridae found significant performance (99.84%) in controlling seed borne pathogens and increasing germination of wheat seeds and the Variety Aditya was found as best in germination (97%) with lower seed borne Alternaria and the variety NL-297 was found non-disease severity (0.00%).

Transportation is not only a significant force in promoting economic and social development but also one of the primary industries that consume energy and emit greenhouse gas emissions. In order to achieve China’s overall goal of reaching the carbon peak by 2030, this paper selects six influencing factors, such as population, GDP and urbanization rate, and proposes a combined prediction model based on ARIMA-LSTM-BP, which predicts transportation carbon emissions in China from 2022 to 2050 under three scenarios of low carbon, benchmark and high carbon. The results show that the peak emissions of transportation in low-carbon, benchmark and high-carbon scenarios are 1624.7732 million tons, 1478.1694 million tons and 1367.5417 million tons, respectively, reaching the peak in 2031, 2034 and 2039. It can be seen that in China, the transportation industry alone cannot achieve the goal of reaching the peak by 2030, and more measures need to be taken to achieve the carbon peak of the transportation industry as soon as possible.

Agriculture and agricultural practices should be the wisest pursuits as they contribute to the well-being of Mother Earth. Organic farming is a system of farming that is guided by principles designed to promote environmental conservation, biodiversity, soil health, and the overall well-being of the ecosystem. This comprehensive review delves into the efficacy of organic farming as a dependable strategy for achieving sustainable agriculture in Nepal. Against the backdrop of Nepal’s diverse agroecological zones and traditional farming practices, the study meticulously examines the multifaceted advantages, challenges, and implications of adopting organic farming within this unique context. Organic farming, characterized by the exclusion of synthetic chemicals and the emphasis on ecological balance, stands out as a promising approach to address the pressing issues faced by Nepalese agriculture. The review underscores the enhanced soil fertility associated with organic practices, attributing it to the utilization of natural fertilizers such as compost and manure. This sustainable farming method not only fosters soil health but also safeguards vital resources like water and promotes biodiversity by refraining from synthetic pesticides and fertilizers. With the dawn of the 21st century and the exponential rise in the population, food security has become an alarming issue. To access food demand of the growing population the use of chemical fertilizers has been rampant contributing to sustainability issues. As a result, it becomes increasingly important to address how to achieve food security while simultaneously addressing the imbalance in the ecosystem. In this review paper, we have discussed some of the amendments used for the promotion of organic farming such as Jholmol (1,2,3), Biochar, Panchagavya, Jeevamrut, Bijamrita, Vermin-compost, Vermiwash.