The imbalance between the land supply and the need for land, has caused many problems, sometimes the problem is very difficult to find a solution. With the redistribution of the TORA program in the Southeast Sulawesi province, it helped to slow down the problem slowly. Problems that often occur in the TORA program are generally narrow and unequal land ownership, land conflicts, legal inconsistencies, and damage to natural resources. To that end, the implementation of landreform activities in support of the TORA program in Southeast Sulawesi Province is a synergy of programs from the Central Government which is coordinated with the local Regional Government, in this case the Forestry Service, Forest Area Strengthening Agency, National Land Agency, Regional Development Planning Agency, Cipta Karya Construction and Design, Department of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry in the Southern Province. So that the true purpose of the Agrarian Reform is to restructure the structure of ownership, use and utilization of agrarian resources, especially land by the state as the basis of national development to realize a more equitable agrarian structure for all Indonesian people, in this case the people of Southeast Sulawesi Province.

Curcuma mangga and Bosenbergia rotunda which belongs to Zingiberaceae family are largely distributed in South East Asian countries including Malaysia. These plants have been traditionally used for treatment of various diseases. In this research we focused on determining the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of C. mangga and B. rotunda ethanolic extracts. Initially, in this study, ethanolic extracts from rhizomes of C. mangga and B. rotunda were obtained through Soxhlet extraction method. 12.6% and 3.5% of crude extract were obtained from C. mangga and B. rotunda respectively. For MTT assay, the IC50 values are 207µg/ml and 31.96µg/ml for C. mangga and B. rotunda respectively. Meanwhile for the antioxidant activity using DPPH assay, C. mangga showed higher antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 1073µg/ml compared to B. rotunda with IC50 values of 578µg/ml. It can be concluded both extracts showed low inhibitory effect on MCF-7 cancer cells growth and DPPH free radical activity.

The quality of marketed vegetables cannot be guaranteed as many of them has been contaminated with heavy metals such as lead, cadmium and arsenic. These heavy metals can act as either growth supporter or threat depending on their types and amount absorbed by the plants. The consumption of an excessive amount of heavy metals in vegetable may cause several diseases such as renal dysfunction and bone depletion. There are few methods used to detect heavy metal contamination such as Atomic Absorption Analysis (AAS), Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA), X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICPMS). This paper discusses all these methods to compare their efficiency, advantages and disadvantages to select the best method for heavy metal detection in vegetables.

Herb Phyllanthus niruri (P. niruri) is known to have various pharmacological functions including anti-diabetic properties. In this research, protein extracts from different plant parts (leave, fruit and stem) of P. niruri were investigated for their anti-diabetic potential through α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition assays. For the enzyme inhibition assay, fruit was found to have the highest inhibition percentage (90.0%) against α-glucosidase followed by leave (62.6%) and stem (38.4%). The similar patterns were also recorded for the α-amylase enzyme inhibition assay, in which, fruit showed the highest inhibition percentage (64.1%) followed by leave (33.3%) and stem (18.2%). The findings of this research suggest that fruit of P. niruri is a potential plant part with regards to anti-diabetic properties since it exhibits the highest inhibition activity against both α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme compared to leave and stem.

Slaughtering is an unavoidably sensitive issue among Muslim and Jews. This paper gives an outlook on possible detection methods in resolving the dilemma of religious slaughtering status. It will be rather easier to differentiate meat of different animal origins due to the exclusive genetic blueprint. However, in the case of adulteration in slaughtering procedure, the meat was taken from a similar source, thus, complicating the detection process. Therefore, an alternative approach employing proteomics were developed to identify protein expression patterns after external stimulation with electrical treatment. In the slaughtering process, the pain which is triggered by an external stimulus is expected to influence the protein profiles. Therefore, variations in stunning treatments which result in different patterns of protein profiles will pinpoint the specific biomarker for over stunned animals. This will inevitably help to detect adulterations in slaughtering procedure.

Orthosiphon stamineus or known as Misai kucing is a popular herbal tea plant that helps in treating the ailments of kidney and bladder, diabetes mellitus and gout. Due to high demand of this medicinal plant, a large propagation of this plant is recommended. In this study, a protocol for regeneration of Orthosiphon stamineus using axillary bud as explant was established. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) were evaluated for their effects on shoot induction. Results obtained revealed that the best shooting ability was observed when explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 0.2 ppm of BAP. Subsequently, shoot elongation of established shoot was obtained in medium containing gibberelic acid (GA3) with concentration of 0.5 ppm and 1.0 ppm. The best shoot elongation was achieved with medium supplemented with 0.5 ppm of GA3. Subsequently, the elongated explants were transformed to root induction medium with the addition of either 0.2 ppm of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) or 0.5 ppm NAA. The explants showed positive response in medium supplemented with 0.2 ppm of NAA. From this study it could be confirmed that suitable concentration of plant growth regulators could be used in the regeneration of Orthosiphon stamineus through tissue culture technique.

Antioxidants are believed to play a very important role in the body defence system against reactive oxygen species (ROS), the harmful by-products that are generated during normal aerobic cell respiration. The objective of this study was to determine the antioxidant capacity in green leafy vegetables using ORAC, ABTS, and DPPH assays of different polyphenol fractions (free phenolic, alkaline hydrolysate, acidic hydrolysate). The antioxidant capacity of the identified free and bound phenolic acid content was measured using different assays including ORAC, ABTS, and DPPH assay (end-point assay and kinetic assay). Only hydrophilic antioxidant activities of all selected samples were examined using ORAC assay. Strong correlations were observed in acidic and alkaline hydrolysate fractions (p<0.01) as determined by ORAC and ABTS assays, respectively. In the free phenolic acid extracts, the O. basilicum (Sweet basil) ranked first, had highest antioxidant capacities of 521804±4243 µmol TE/100g DW, 329.8±0.4mg TE/g DW and 9.0±1.8 µg GAE/g DW as determined by ORAC, ABTS and DPPH, respectively. . The A. occidentale (Cashew shoot) in the alkaline hydrolysate extract showed a greatest antioxidant capacity in all three assays: 889126±7193 µmol TE/100g DW, 466.5±7.9 mg TE/g DW and 3.5±0.4 µg GAE/g DW as measured by ORAC, ABTS and DPPH, separately. While, in acidic hydrolysate, the A. occidentale (Cashew shoot) extract also dominated the antioxidant capacity with (560504±5785 µmol TE/100g DW, 387±0.7 mg TE/g DW and 5.9±0.5 µg GAE/g DW) as determined by ORAC, ABTS and DPPH assays, respectively. The acidic and basic hydrolysis yielded higher antioxidant capacities in the present study. It suggests that hydrolysis with alkaline and acidic play significant roles in liberating more phenolic acids and flavonoids and generating high antioxidant capacity in the extracts.

The inhibition of α-amylase enzyme by the inhibitor proteins extracts of all the three types of commercial rice, white rice (WR), brown rice (BR) and glutinous rice (GR) were investigated. Among the three types of rice, the BR has significantly the highest concentration of the inhibitor protein (0.030 ± 0.002 mg/ml) compared to glutinous rice (0.006 ± 0.001 mg/ml) and white rice (0.005 ± 0.001 mg/ml). In term of the percentage of inhibition of the α-amylase enzyme of the Aspergillus oryzae, the brown rice shows the highest inhibition (61.22 %) among the three types of rice with the lowest maltose liberated. The acarbose (0.1 mg/ml) which was used as a positive control represent the highest inhibition of the α-amylase enzyme inhibitor among all of the tested samples. Even though inhibitor protein extract of BR is possessed lower ability to inhibit the α-amylase, yet it still can be one of the best option and alternative for the Diabetes Mellitus patients for their daily consumption compared to the WR and GR.

Biosurfactants play an important role in bioremediation of organic pollutants such as petroleum hydrocarbon. The unique properties of biosurfactants make them possible to be used in the remediation of hydrocarbon contaminated sites. Therefore, the existence of indigenous microorganisms that have the ability to consume petroleum hydrocarbon as carbon source and simultaneously produce biosurfactants in order to facilitate the hydrocarbon metabolism can be manipulated for bioremediation purposes. In this study, isolation and screening of potential biosurfactant-producing bacteria from two sampling points in Kuantan Port seawater were successfully done. Amongst the isolates, 4 out of 7 isolates from Point A were Gram negative bacteria and 2 out 5 isolates from Point B were Gram negative bacteria. The positive oxidase test resulted for all isolates from Point A and only B5 from Point B produced negative result. Catalase test conducted produced positive results on isolates from Point A (A3, A5, A6& A7) and Point B (B1, B2, B4 & B5).The highest percentage emulsification index measured belonged to isolate B4 and B5 which are 67%, thus make these isolates to be the most promising biosurfactant producers. Further identification by 16S rRNA gene found that isolates were closely related to Rhodococcus erythropolis (A1), Psedomonas stutzeri (A2), Pseudoalteromonas lipolytica (A3, A6 and B4), Vibrio brasiliensis (A4 and B2), Vibrio tubiashii (B1), Marinobacter salsuginis (A5), Labrenzia aggregate (A7), Marinococcus halophilus (B3) and Thalassospira xianmenensis(B5). Hence, through biosurfactant activities exhibited by isolates, B4 and B5 were the most potential isolates to produce biosurfactant. Therefore, these isolates can potentially be exploited to aid in bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated sites and would also be useful to enhance oil recovery in petroleum industry.

According to the questionnaire survey of 500 graduate students on mental health, spiritual belief and self-harmony, through mathematical statistical analysis, it was found that :(1) overall, the psychological status of graduate students was unhealthy, and there were significant differences in some demographic variables; (2) self-flexibility has a significant positive predictive effect on political belief, nationalism, life pursuit and family pursuit; (3) the rigidity of ego has significant negative and positive predictive effect on nationalism and money pursuit respectively; (4) the disharmony between self and experience has a significant positive predictive effect on religious belief and god worship.