The experiment was conducted in the field of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh to determine efficacy of bio-rational insecticides against bean aphid during September 2016 to April 2017.The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Five sprayings were done at 15 days intervals where data were taken 3 days after each spray. The highest mean number of fruit/rachis (7.5) was observed in spinosad treated plants and the lowest number of fruit/rachis was found in control plants (4.17). After 2nd spray, the lowest mean number of aphids/rachis (3.83) was observed in Emamectin benzoate treated plants and the highest number of aphids/rachis (58.33) was found on Beauveria bassiana (66.50) treated plant which was higher than control plants (56.21). The lowest mean percentage of rachis infestation by aphid (10%) was observed in Emamectin benzoate treated plants while the highest percentage was found in control plants (35%). The highest mean number of fruit/rachis was observed in Karanja oil (7.83) treated plants and the lowest number of fruit/rachis was found in control plants (4.33). After 3rd spray, the lowest mean number of aphids/rachis (10.00) was observed in Emamectin benzoate treated plants while the highest number of aphids/rachis (76.50) was found on spinosad treated plant which was higher than control plants (67.21).But the highest mean number of fruit/rachis was observed in Karanga oil, Neem oil and spinosad treated plants, respectively. Among the selected insecticides, Emamectin benzoate, Karanja oil and Neem oil provided better protection of bean plants against bean aphid.

The accumulation of heavy metals in the environment, exacerbated by industrial, agricultural, military, and research activities, has emerged as a critical concern due to its adverse impacts on human health, ecological integrity, and the sustainability of natural resources. This accumulation, driven by factors such as negligence and the high costs of waste disposal, has resulted in extensive contamination of soil, surface water, and groundwater, creating severe environmental challenges. Among these, soil contamination by heavy metals is a critical issue requiring effective remediation strategies to ensure environmental health and ecological restoration. Phytoremediation, a green technology leveraging the inherent abilities of hyperaccumulator plants, has gained recognition as an effective strategy for addressing heavy metal pollution. It entails deploying plants to remove, degrade, or detoxify contaminants via processes including phytoextraction, phytostabilization, rhizofiltration, phytodegradation, and phytovolatilization. While traditional phytoremediation techniques offer potential, their scalability and efficacy are often limited. Advances in genetic engineering, nanoparticle augmentation, and the integration of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, phytohormones, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have significantly enhanced the effectiveness of phytoremediation strategies. This review examines the adverse biological impacts of heavy and their remediation through phytoremediation, focusing on both traditional and innovative approaches. Emphasis is placed on the mechanisms, applications, and potential of phytoremediation technologies to transform environmental remediation practices, particularly in developing regions where these techniques remain underutilized. The findings highlight the need for further research and development to transition phytoremediation into a commercially viable solution for global environmental challenges.