Blooms of toxic Alexandrium tamiyavnichii have been recorded in several parts of the world including Malaysia. This Harmful algal bloom (HAB) has led to human illness and loss to fishery industries. In order to control the bloom and minimize the effects, the growth of the species needs to be inhibited using a mitigation agent, preferably environment friendly agent. In this study, an ornamental plant, Sansevieria trifasciata will be used to inhibit the growth of A. tamiyavanichii. The plants were fractionated to obtain fractions (dichloromethane (DCM) and methanol) from ethanol fresh and dried plants extracts. Eight concentrations (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 mg/mL) of these fractions were tested on the algae for 24 hours and removal efficiencies (RE) were determined. Toxicity test was conducted on Artemia using 10, 50, 100 and 500 mg/mL concentrations of active fractions for 24 hours. Phytochemical compounds were detected using standard procedures. Results obtained showed that the growth of A. tamiyavanichii was inhibited by all concentration tested. Active fractions from DCM using both fresh and dried plants showed good results with more that 80% RE values at 5 mg/mL within 2.5 to 5 hours. During the experiments, DCM used did not change the pH of the culture medium compared to methanol fraction. For phytochemical screening tests, compounds detected in all fractions were alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, reducing sugars and terpenoids. These compounds might cause the inhibition of targeted algae, however further study is needed to determine the bioactivity and its specific effect on HAB species. To conclude, fractions of DCM from fresh and dried S. trifasciata have the potential in the mitigation of A. tamiyavanichii. This could help to minimize the impact of this species on human health and reduce the loss to fishery industries.

Understanding source and sink pattern of coral larvae is among the key elements for effective ecosystem management and future habitat restoration. This study examined dispersal pattern of coral larvae among three known inshore reefs (Pulau Ular, Balok Reef and Raja Muda reef) in Kuantan coastal waters by simulating virtual larvae trajectories during spawning event in 2018. Dispersal pathways were modelled and constructed by incorporating biological traits (timing of spawning and pelagic larvae duration) using Langragian particle tracking module integrated with 2-dimensional, hydrodynamic, flexible network model (MIKE 21 FM). Results indicated that Acroporid larvae moved in southward direction throughout dispersal period. Source and sink dynamic suggested that Pulau Ular has high larvae retention (70%) in which most of larvae originated from natal reef. Balok reef was dominant source of larvae for Raja Muda reef. Results also indicated that patches reefs near Raja Muda was ideal sink site for coral larvae and should be prioritized for future ecosystem management action.

The propagation, extraction, and antibacterial studies of Azolla pinnata were carried out in this study. The propagation involved two fertilizers, which were chicken manure and inorganic AB fertilizer. The dry yield was extracted using two methods, which were Soxhlet and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Methanolic extracts were obtained and subjected to several antibacterial tests, which include the disk diffusion assay, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) tests, against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results showed that AB fertilizer produced more dry yield compared to chicken manure. The extract yield from Soxhlet exhibited a higher yield than that of SFE, recording its highest at 21.20%. The findings of antibacterial tests revealed that all extracts inhibited the growth of B. subtilis and S. aureus, but none showed inhibition against E. coli and P. aeruginosa. The largest diameter of inhibition zone of 2.67 ± 1.53 mm was obtained by E2 (CM-SFE), with a MIC value of 0.125 mg/mL against B. subtilis. High MBC values further confirm that the mechanism of inhibition against B. subtilis and S. aureus were due to the bacteriostatic properties of the extracts tested.

Ficus deltoidea or commonly known as ‘mas cotek’ is a herbal plant indigenous to Southeast Asia including Malaysia and Indonesia. This plant is popular for its medicinal values such as improve blood circulation, regain energy and enhance fertility naturally for both men and women. The main objective of this study is to develop in vitro clonal propagation method for rapid production of F. deltoidea using different concentrations of benzyl aminopurine (BAP) through shoot induction and multiplication, rooting and subsequent establishment in soil following acclimatization. Surface sterilization of the leaf explants was done using mercury chloride and ethanol as the disinfectants. Pre-treatment of the explants with carbendazim successfully reduced the occurrence of fungal contamination. At the end of the experiment, no shoot and root induction were observed but calli were successfully induced on MS medium containing 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 mg/l BAP, with calli induced from 3.0 mg/l BAP were bigger and healthier. In short, the higher the concentration of BAP used, the higher tendency for the explant to induce callus.

Plant anatomy can play vital role in plant taxonomy for successfully resolve taxonomic problems among different plant species. The anatomical studies of plant species living in coastal area of Kuantan, Pahang are scarce. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify the common, variation and diagnostic characteristics of leaf anatomy and micromorphology of selected plant species collected from Balok and Sepat beach area which can give additional information for identification of species. Four species studied namely Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br., Calophyllum inophyllum L., Hibiscus tiliaceus L. and Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl. Methods used were sectioning using sliding microtome, epidermal peeling and leaf micromorphology method using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The findings from this study showed that only three characteristics are similar among them which include the presence of collenchyma, sclerenchyma and mucilage cells or canals in either petiole or midrib of the leaves. Meanwhile, there are eight differences were observed which are types of stomata and trichomes, pattern of anticlinal wall and vascular bundles, type of epicuticular wax structures, cuticle ornamentations, size of epidermal cells and the presence of cell inclusions. The diagnostic characteristics identified in this study are closed-system of vascular bundle, presence of multicellular capitate glandular, 2-4 armed trichomes and 5-8 armed stellate trichomes and also flakes type of wax layers that can only be found in H. tiliaceus while 1:1 ratio size of epidermal cells can only be found in I. pes-caprae. The study reveals that leaf anatomy and micromorphology characteristics could be beneficial as an additional data for identification of species along the coastal area of Kuantan, Pahang.

Internet of things (IoT) plays a great role in the 21st century than a couple of years ago. Internet of things (IoT) provides us a technologically and optimistic image of the future where several computing objects are linked to the internet and they can recognize themselves with additional computing strategies. In this paper detail review of security issues over different layers of IoT has been covered. This paper also discusses the solutions possible to overcome those security issues. In this paper the brief discussion on security threats and how to measure it respectively to protect information or confidential information of the users IoT accentuations on controlling different assignments and attempt to approve the physical things to act denied of any obstruction of the human. The up and coming and existing IoT introductions are much guaranteed to expand the solace level, effectiveness, and robotization of the clients. The objects can represent digitally because IoT is very significant.

Kaduk (Piper sarmentosum) is popular due to its culinary and medicinal properties and has been used traditionally in different parts of the world to cure many diseases and ailments. One of the studies which was conducted by Forest Research Institute of Malaysia (FRIM) shows that the extract from P. sarmentosum leaves contains antioxidant properties. However, a scientific study of its antioxidant level based on leaf maturity has not yet been conducted. Thus, this study aims to screen the antioxidant activity of P. sarmentosum based on the leaf maturity, from young, middle-age and matured leaves. The leaves were extracted by maceration using methanol and the antioxidant activity was determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Results showed that the middle-age leaves contain the highest antioxidant activity followed by the young and matured leaves. Hence, if P. sarmentosum’s leaves are to be collected for its antioxidant properties, it is best to harvest the middle-age leaves to gain the optimized yield of antioxidant properties.

Curcuma mangga and Bosenbergia rotunda which belongs to Zingiberaceae family are largely distributed in South East Asian countries including Malaysia. These plants have been traditionally used for treatment of various diseases. In this research we focused on determining the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of C. mangga and B. rotunda ethanolic extracts. Initially, in this study, ethanolic extracts from rhizomes of C. mangga and B. rotunda were obtained through Soxhlet extraction method. 12.6% and 3.5% of crude extract were obtained from C. mangga and B. rotunda respectively. For MTT assay, the IC50 values are 207µg/ml and 31.96µg/ml for C. mangga and B. rotunda respectively. Meanwhile for the antioxidant activity using DPPH assay, C. mangga showed higher antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 1073µg/ml compared to B. rotunda with IC50 values of 578µg/ml. It can be concluded both extracts showed low inhibitory effect on MCF-7 cancer cells growth and DPPH free radical activity.

The quality of marketed vegetables cannot be guaranteed as many of them has been contaminated with heavy metals such as lead, cadmium and arsenic. These heavy metals can act as either growth supporter or threat depending on their types and amount absorbed by the plants. The consumption of an excessive amount of heavy metals in vegetable may cause several diseases such as renal dysfunction and bone depletion. There are few methods used to detect heavy metal contamination such as Atomic Absorption Analysis (AAS), Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA), X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICPMS). This paper discusses all these methods to compare their efficiency, advantages and disadvantages to select the best method for heavy metal detection in vegetables.

In Buenos Aires, Argentina there are many architectonic heritage objects that represent the history of the population of different places with different degree of deterioration and conservation, so their study and survey were necessary to avoid the complete loss of it. During the study of heritage assets in towns, villages, and cities of Buenos Aires that the LEMIT makes more than 20 years ago, numerous architectonic heritage assets were found with different degree of deterioration and conservation. As result of some surveys, important restoration and conservation interventions were done preserving province heritage. Thus, the aim of this paper was the study of the materials deterioration state from the first ranch built by the settlement of the Jewish settlers in 1891, in Algarrobos city, Carlos Casares, Buenos Aires. This ranch was the first houses of Jews when they arrived from Russia. The material analysis here presented allowed to recognize its state of deterioration and conservation through discerning if these materials were from the mentioned age and consequently, providing fundamental information to know part of settlement history formation. On the other hand, its study allowed generating a plan of interventions and conservation in short – and medium- term.