This study looked at the behaviour of Equatorial Total Electron Content (TEC) in connection to geomagnetic storms that occurred between January and March of 2020. The data used in the study came from the Global Positioning System (GPS). Vertical Total Electron Content (VTEC) data was collected at three different ground stations to conduct the investigation: NKLG (GMAGLat. -8.04°S, GMAGLong. 81.05°E), ADIS (GMAGLat. 1.13°N, GMAGLong. 110.47°E), and DJIG (GMAGLat. 3.36°N, GMAGLong. 11457°E). The locations were carefully chosen in order to offer a comprehensive picture of the equatorial ionosphere’s response to magnetic storms. The study’s findings show that the equatorial region undergoes both amplification and depletion effects in the reaction of TEC to geomagnetic storms. The paper also proposed possible approaches to clarify these findings. The three stations’ different latitudinal positions were recognised as the principal source of the considerable variations in GPS-TEC responses during storm periods. Furthermore, during the storm periods, the peak positive percentage deviation of TEC displayed an ascending trend with rising altitude for each monitoring station. This finding suggests the existence of complex height-related interactions between the equatorial ionosphere and geomagnetic storms. The current study examines the complicated factors that influence the behaviour of TEC in equatorial regions during geomagnetic storms. It highlights the need of adding latitudinal and altitude factors in such studies.

Mungbean (Vigna radiata) has gained increasing significance as a crucial grain legume in Nepal’s tropical and sub-tropical regions due to its short growth cycle and soil fertility enhancement properties. This research was conducted at Agronomy farm of Lamjung campus, to assess how mungbean performs under varying row spacing and Npk fertilizer levels. The study employed two-factorial Randomized Complete Block Design with three row spacing levels (20 cm, 25 cm, and 30 cm) and three NPK fertilizer doses (10:10:10, 20:20:20, and 30:30:30 kg NPK/ha) as treatments. The investigation explored phenological and yield attributing parameters. Interestingly, the outcomes showed that row spacing had negligible impact on root growth attributes, including root length and nodule formation. However, root nodule number increased with higher NPK fertilizer levels, particularly notable with the application of (30:30:30) kg NPK/ha, resulting in the highest nodules per plant (140.40), while the lowest nodules (91.35) were observed with (10:10:10) kg NPK/ha. Vital traits like plant height, branch and leaf counts, pod set, pod length, and seed weight were unresponsive to both NPK doses and row spacing levels. In contrast, grain yield exhibited a substantial increase with NPK fertilizer application, with the highest yield (1263.55 kg/ha) achieved with (30:30:30) kg NPK/ha and the lowest (929.27 kg/ha) with (10:10:10) kg NPK/ha. Therefore, this study shows strong correlations, especially between root nodules and grain yield, emphasized key links. NPK doses impacted vital root nodules for nitrogen fixation and suggests dense planting of Pratikshya mung beans with increased NPK fertilizer.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles are versatile materials with broad applications due to their unique properties. This review examines the synthesis methods of ZnO nanoparticles, including sol-gel, microwave-assisted, and green synthesis. The sol-gel method allows precise control over particle size and morphology, while microwave-assisted synthesis offers rapid, uniform particle formation. Green synthesis uses plant extracts for eco-friendly production. Characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) reveal the structural and morphological properties of the synthesized nanoparticles. Applications of ZnO nanoparticles in antifouling coatings, biomedical fields (antibacterial and anticancer), and energy systems are discussed. The review evaluates each synthesis method’s efficiency, scalability, and environmental impact, highlighting their potential for sustainable applications.

Agriculture and agricultural practices should be the wisest pursuits as they contribute to the well-being of Mother Earth. Organic farming is a system of farming that is guided by principles designed to promote environmental conservation, biodiversity, soil health, and the overall well-being of the ecosystem. This comprehensive review delves into the efficacy of organic farming as a dependable strategy for achieving sustainable agriculture in Nepal. Against the backdrop of Nepal’s diverse agroecological zones and traditional farming practices, the study meticulously examines the multifaceted advantages, challenges, and implications of adopting organic farming within this unique context. Organic farming, characterized by the exclusion of synthetic chemicals and the emphasis on ecological balance, stands out as a promising approach to address the pressing issues faced by Nepalese agriculture. The review underscores the enhanced soil fertility associated with organic practices, attributing it to the utilization of natural fertilizers such as compost and manure. This sustainable farming method not only fosters soil health but also safeguards vital resources like water and promotes biodiversity by refraining from synthetic pesticides and fertilizers. With the dawn of the 21st century and the exponential rise in the population, food security has become an alarming issue. To access food demand of the growing population the use of chemical fertilizers has been rampant contributing to sustainability issues. As a result, it becomes increasingly important to address how to achieve food security while simultaneously addressing the imbalance in the ecosystem. In this review paper, we have discussed some of the amendments used for the promotion of organic farming such as Jholmol (1,2,3), Biochar, Panchagavya, Jeevamrut, Bijamrita, Vermin-compost, Vermiwash.

During the last four decades ago, fifty-seven (54 agglutinated and 3 porcelaneous) benthic foraminiferal species and related to 23 genera have been erected by the present author, which start at 1984, which are recoded from many countries around the Arabia (Egypt, Palestine, Jordan, Iraq, UAE, Iran and Pakistan), and also Saudi Arabia, Yemen, UAE and Qatar. Some of these species were also recorded from many countries in the Northern Tethys (Atlantic Ocean, USA, Spain, France and Poland), and western Pacific Ocean. These species help, not only to define the major faunal changes throughout the Campanian-Neogene time, but also to emphasis the stratigraphic importance of them in different localities in the Tethys. Most of the identified species were erected: 12 species (from Egypt), 11 (UAE), 8 (Iraq), 4 (Iran), 3 (Pakistan and France), 2 (Palestine, Pakistan, Spain and Poland), while one species only from the other countries. The Tethys assemblage indicates an open marine environment, which represents middle-outer neritic environment and shows an affinity with Midway-Type Fauna (MTF).

Empirical evidence of the presence of bioactive compounds in plants is indispensable, given that medicinal plants play a pivotal role in the quest for new antimicrobials. In this study, leaves of Citropsis articulata from three forest reserves (Mabira, Budongo, and Kibale) in Uganda were extracted with distilled water and methanol using infusion and maceration methods, respectively. The total phenolic (TP), total flavonoid (TF), total alkaloid (TA) and total saponin (TS) contents of the extracts were evaluated using UV-Vis spectrophotometric based methods before the fingerprint of each extract was established using high-performance liquid chromatography. In vitro antimicrobial activities of the extracts were examined against standard strains of common pathogenic microbes, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans using agar well diffusion and microtitre plate-based assays. Results showed that the methanol extract had a significantly higher content of the secondary metabolites compared to the aqueous extract, with samples from Mabira showing the highest level of TP (68.92 mg GAE/g), samples from Budongo had the highest level of TF (11.28 mg QE/g) and TS (101.94 mg DE/g). In comparison, samples from Kibale showed the highest level of TA (66.29 mg AE/g). In the antimicrobial study, methanol extract showed significantly higher potency than the aqueous extract for all samples from the three locations. The plant extracts showed substantially high potency against Escherichia coli, with samples from Mabira exhibiting the maximum zone of inhibition (29.5±0.5 mm) at 50% w/v and lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1.56% w/v. The extracts also demonstrated bactericidal (MBC) and fungicidal (MFC) potency against the test microorganisms in the order; Escherichia coli > Staphylococcus aureus > Pseudomonas aeruginosa > Candida albicans. This study demonstrated that Citropsis articulata leaves have potentially potent bioactive compounds that could be explored for future antimicrobial drug development.

Five Area Councils were selected for the study from the six Area Councils of Federal Capital Territory (FCT-ABUJA) namely; Gwagwalada, Kuje, Kwali, Abaji and AMAC. Three markets were surveyed in each of the Area Council to obtain one measure of infested maize with maize weevils (Sitophilus species) and ten of the insects were selected randomly from each measure and kept separately in a covered jar containing ethanol solution. The sample were taken to Insect Laboratory (Insect Museum), at the Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State for identification. MI scope was used to carry out the morphometric measurement. The features of the insect measured include the wholebody length, Body width, Hind limb, Fore limb, Head, Antennae, Tarsi, Width of Femur, Femur. Then Microscope was use to view and compare the collected insects with other genus of Sitophilus in the insect collection boxes in the museum. The features measured were converted from pixel per length (p/l) to millimeter and subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using statistical package version 9.0. The means were separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5 % level of probability. Results obtained indicated that Kuje and Abaji Area Councils had varied diversity of features of Sitophilus granarius and only Sitophilus granarius was identified in all the five Area Councils of FCT-Abuja, Nigeria.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged among the most serious public health issues, prompting the creation of worldwide implementation strategies. In this study, the application of seasonal or time-series approaches was suggested for forecasting the unknown percentages of resistance towards other microbial groups for seven microorganisms. Annual data between 2012 and 2019 were acquired from European Centre for Disease Prevention, and Control (ECDC) reports. Microsoft Excel’s function, ‘FORECAST.ETS’, was used for prediction purposes. Then, a brief analysis was done on the forecasted results. Forecasting AMR’s percentage makes it possible to develop a strategy for dealing with any situation that may emerge.

Research has been carried out on the types and abundance of mosquitoes in Kahyapu Village, Enggano Island, Northest Bengkulu in December 2018 – May 2019 with the goals to knowing the types and abundance of mosquitoes found in Kahyapu Village, Enggano Island, Northest Bengkulu. The research location points were determined by purposive sampling and the mosquito collection at each other location point was determined using the Human Landing Collection method. The mosquitoes obtained were grouped by genus and species, the data obtained were analyzed descriptively. From the results of the study obtained 4 species of mosquitoes, namely Aedes albopictus, Armigeres subalbatus, Culex fuscocephala and Culex quinquefasciatus. mosquito with high abundance are Aedes albopictus.

The bean flower thrips, Megalurothrips usitatus is a major pest of mung bean that causes flower dropping and significant yield loss of the crop. M. usitatus demonstrated to have variable lifespan when reared on different leguminous hosts but on mung bean, an important pulse crop in Bangladesh, is unknown. The experiment was conducted to determine the biological attributes of M. usitatus on mung bean in a climate control chamber at 26 ± 1°C, 75 ± 3% RH, and 16:8 hours L:D in the laboratory. The results revealed that the incubation period, first instar larva, second instar larva, prepupa, and pupal period of M. usitatus were 3.13 ± 0.06, 1.48 ± 0.05, 2.30 ± 0.08, 1.30 ± 0.07, and 2.26 ± 0.13 days, respectively. The combined developmental period from egg to adult was 10.54 ± 0.15 (mean ± SE) days. The larvae of M. usitatus were similar in appearance to the adults, but they lacked wings and were smaller and different in color. The first instar was pale yellow, while the second instar was darker and larger, ranging from deep yellow to orange-red. The wing pads of the prepupae were shorter than that of the pupae. The antennae of the prepupa were straight, but they were bent in the pupa. In the case of pre-adult mortality of M. usitatus, the mortality of the first instar larva was 14.41%, second instar larva 22.77%, prepupa 14.10%, and pupa 65.67%. The pre-adult mortality was 80.51% overall. Adult males had lower longevity (6.42 ± 0.44 days) than females (12.07± 1.56 days). The developmental period of M. usitatus on mung bean indicated the suitability of the leguminous crop as a potential host, as well as the need for information on the pest’s various growth stages in order to design effective management strategies.